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专家论坛|滕皋军:介入治疗在中晩期肝癌降期中的作用

时间:2019-03-29 23:38:10

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原发性肝癌(以下简称肝癌)是世界范围内发病率第六、致死率第四的恶性肿瘤。亚洲国家每年新发肝癌609 596例,占全世界的72.5%;每年肝癌死亡人数566 269例,占全世界的72.4%,并且超过一半的发病和死亡事件发生在中国[1]。尽管肝癌筛查已经取得很大的进步,但仍有85%~90%新发肝癌患者失去了根治性治疗机会[2]。针对这类肝癌患者,通过各种降期治疗手段使之肿瘤体积/数量减小、转移灶消失、门静脉癌栓消失,以期获得根治性治疗可能,成为目前中晚期肝癌治疗领域的研究热点。严格的降期是通过局部或全身治疗手段使原本不符合肝移植标准的肝癌符合肝移植的标准;广义的降期是指除了肝移植标准,若符合肝切除术标准,亦可称之为降期治疗。过去,由于新技术的不断发展,中晚期肝癌的降期治疗取得了很大的进步。降期治疗的手段包括全身化疗、免疫治疗、超分割局部外放疗以及各种介入技术,如经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)、药物缓释微球(DEB-TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC)、经动脉放射性栓塞(TARE)、消融治疗等[3]。本文就介入治疗在中晚期肝癌中的应用作一介绍。

1 经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)

TACE是中晚期肝癌的标准治疗手段,可有效控制肿瘤局部进展,延长患者生存时间[2,4],也是最常用的中晚期肝癌降期备选治疗手段之一[5]。

2002年,Roayaie等使用TACE针对直径>5 cm的不可切除肝癌进行降期,其中直径5~7 cm的肝癌患者移植术后5年疾病无进展比例达55%,中位生存时间49.9个月。一项系统综述[6]分析了950例进行肝移植降期的患者,总体降期成功率为48%,其中TACE与TARE的降期成功率无明显差异。而在TACE治疗的同时,联合使用射频消融(radiofrequency ablation, RFA)或TARE,降期成功率高达60%[7]。并且治疗后的降期反应也间接反映出肿瘤生物学侵袭性,成为一项重要的标志[8]。

TACE降期是否有助于提升肝移植疗效仍有争议。有研究[9-10]认为TACE有助于延长降期后肝移植患者的远期生存时间。一项基于前瞻性数据库的回顾性分析[11]显示,TACE降期后进行肝移植的术后1、3、5年生存率分别为91%、78%、73%,而符合标准直接行肝移植患者的术后1、3、5年生存率分别为76%、63%、54%(P=0.04);TACE降期后进行肝移植的围手术期病死率较直接肝移植下降44%。但也有研究[12-13]结果显示TACE降期肝移植与直接肝移植的疗效无明显差异。

载药微球TACE对于中晚期肝癌的疗效不亚于TACE,且在安全性方面较TACE更有优势[14]。一项前瞻性研究纳入了200例接受DEB-TACE作为降期或桥接治疗的肝移植患者,移植术后5年总体生存率达735%,无复发生存率为62.1%。一项单中心研究[15]比较了TACE与DEB-TACE的降期效果,两组肿瘤完全坏死率分别为50.9%和57.1%,两组中约四分之三的患者实现至少50%肿瘤体积的坏死;两组的坏死率和肿瘤复发率无明显差异。

对于肝功能较好的晚期肝癌患者,HAIC亦可以起到降期治疗的效果。一项回顾性研究[16]纳入了103例肝功能分级为Child-Pugh A级接受HAIC的晚期肝癌患者。其中12例患者(11.7%)成功实现了降期并接受外科切除术,中位生存时间为37个月,术后1、3、5年的无复发生存时间为58.3%、36.5%、24.3%。HAIC在降期成功率方面可能不如其他局部治疗手段,但还需要进一步的对照研究证实其优劣性。

2 经动脉放射性栓塞(TARE)

TARE作为TACE的一种替代治疗,是将钇-90(90Y)放射性微球经肿瘤的供血动脉支缓慢注入,达到微球在肿瘤内持续照射,杀伤肿瘤的目的,目前主要包括树脂微球和玻璃微球。

近年来的研究证实TARE与TACE在生存获益上相当,但TARE有着更好的局部控制率,且并发症发生率较低[17-19]。在肝癌降期方面,TARE最受关注的是作为切除或移植的桥接治疗。由于其具有较长的肿瘤进展时间和良好的局部控制率,经TARE治疗的患者具有更多的机会和更长的时间接受后续的肝移植手术[19]。一项对比TARE和TACE在降期方面作用(UNOS T3到T2)的研究[20]发现,接受TARE的患者部分缓解(PR)更多,且降期成功的比率更高(58% vs 31%)。一项回顾性分析[21]将TARE、TACE、RFA、立体定向放疗(SBRT)作为肝移植前的桥接治疗,并将四者进行了对比,结果发现TARE具有最高的病理学及影像学完全缓解(CR)。一项TARE治疗100例肝脏恶性肿瘤(包括49例肝细胞癌,30例结直肠癌肝转移,21例胆管细胞癌、转移性神经内分泌肿瘤或其他肿瘤患者)的回顾性研究[22]结果显示,TARE后,71例患者接受手术切除,29例接受肝移植,24%的患者发生了3级及以上的围手术期并发症,7%的患者发生了3级及以上术后并发症。外科术后30 d内死亡的4例患者,均同时伴有其他合并症或者术前接受过一线化疗。提示作为桥接治疗,术后死亡及并发症发生率是可接受的。然而也有研究[23]认为TARE与TACE在肝移植患者的疾病无进展生存方面疗效相当(79个月vs 77个月,P=0.84),但接受TARE降期的肝移植患者降期的等待时间更长(6.5个月vs 4.8个月,P=0.02)。

TARE在技术上亦有不同的发展。放射肝段切除术是经剂量计算后在肿瘤肝段超选择注入大剂量的90Y微球,以达到类似消融的根治性疗法。研究[24-25]认为其在局部肿瘤控制方面优于TACE,有利于为患者争取更多的时间接受后续治疗。放射肝叶切除术是对肿瘤肝叶给予一定的90Y放射剂量,使肿瘤肝叶萎缩、对侧肝叶增生,进而增大外科切除术后余肝体积,同时也能局部控制肿瘤的一种方法,其被认为有利于安全切除及良好的术后结果[26]。目前TARE被推荐用于肿瘤直径超过5 cm (不适合TACE或消融)、伴有门静脉癌栓或存在同肝叶多发小病灶(>3个)的肝癌降期治疗[27]。

作为一种安全有效的肝癌降期方法,TARE的治疗效果仍受肝癌患者选择、肿瘤自身等很多因素影响[28]。在无法使用其他治疗的BCLC B、C期患者中,一项3期多中心随机对照试验[29]证实,TARE与索拉非尼有着相似的疗效,且不良事件更少。另一项3期多中心随机对照试验[30]结果显示,在总生存时间和无进展生存期方面,TARE与索拉非尼相似,但TARE的耐受性更佳。对于TARE联合索拉非尼,部分证据[31-32]认为二者联合应用安全,但也有研究[28]认为联合应用可能会增加移植周围胆道并发症及急性排斥反应的发生,因此在考虑索拉非尼用于移植时应谨慎。

3 消融

对于符合米兰标准的患者(单发肿瘤且直径<5 cm;至多3个肿瘤,直径均<3 cm;不伴有血管侵犯及远处转移),肝移植是第一选择,但常受到供体不足的限制,并且不适于一般状况较差、肝储备功能不足的患者。在肝移植术前进行局部消融,可预防肿瘤进展、降期肿瘤负荷、赢得等待供体时间,在肝癌降期治疗中得到越来越多的重视,但也使得后续移植的技术更为复杂。消融治疗包括RFA、经皮酒精注射(PEI)、微波消融(MWA)、冷冻消融(cryoablation)、高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)、不可逆电穿孔(IRE)等。

PEI用于治疗肝细胞癌,可使肿瘤细胞及附近血管内皮细胞脱水,蛋白质凝固变性,最终使肿瘤组织缺血坏死,纤维化形成,可延长患者生存期[33-34]。很少有研究单纯采用PEI作为肝细胞癌降期的治疗措施。一项早期的理论模型研究[35]认为,对于肝移植等待时间大于6个月的患者,PEI是一种经济有效的治疗措施。Pompili等[36]及Yao等[37]的研究也将PEI列为晚期肝细胞癌患者降期治疗方案之一,认为其能够使该类患者获益。随着RFA应用的逐步普及,PEI因其疗效及治疗次数方面的劣势而逐渐被取代。

现有的肝癌降期相关证据大多集中于RFA,其在局部肿瘤控制和患者生存获益方面均较PEI更佳[38-39]。已有随机对照试验[40]证实,直径在4 cm以下,少于2个病灶的肝癌患者中,RFA与外科手术切除有着相似的总生存率及无进展生存率。RFA作为肝移植前的桥接治疗,在降低肝移植患者退出率方面有着可观的作用[41]。对于肝硬化、肝功能不佳的肝癌患者,RFA仍可安全地对肿瘤进行局部治疗并抑制肿瘤进展,可作为后续肝移植前的桥接治疗[42-44],经RFA桥接治疗的患者在移植退出率及移植后的预后方面都与早期肝细胞癌相当[44]。有两项研究[36-37]结果显示,对于晚期肝细胞癌患者,RFA可被用于对肿瘤进行降期,使无法进行肝移植的患者最终达到相应的移植标准以接受后续的治疗。但RFA产生的局部高温可导致组织的阻抗升高,从而影响疗效[45-46],尤其是对于直径>3 cm、邻近大血管或局部区域血流灌注丰富的肝脏肿瘤,“热沉效应”使得消融区旁的血流带走一部分热量,导致消融区域减小,肿瘤消融不全,治疗效果受到影响[47]。

在肝癌的降期治疗中,目前尚没有明确支持MWA、HIFU、IRE等热消融作用的证据。一项早期的随机试验[48]结果显示,MWA及RFA在治疗小肝癌方面疗效相当,但MWA需要更多次治疗。一项纳入152例患者的随机对照试验[49]也证实了MWA与RFA对于直径≤4 cm的病灶疗效相当。MWA能在组织中产生较RFA更高的温度,可避免“热沉效应”,在治疗大病灶方面更具优势[45-47]。IRE利用高压短脉冲作用于靶细胞膜,在细胞膜磷脂双分子层上不可逆地形成纳米量级孔道,导致细胞凋亡,不破坏细胞外基质,可保护血管、胆管等结构[50-51],在治疗大血管、胆管及胆囊附近的特殊部位病灶时,有着更高的安全性,被成功应用于靠近重要结构或器官而无法行热消融或手术的肝细胞癌病灶[52]。同时,也为因肝硬化肝功能不佳而无法耐受热消融的患者提供了新的选择[53]。IRE有望在未来的肝癌降期治疗中发挥作用。

冷冻治疗对局部肿瘤组织进行冷冻和复温,使肿瘤细胞结构破坏,细胞萎缩、破裂、死亡,微血管闭塞,导致肿瘤缺血坏死。可减轻肿瘤负荷,激活机体免疫功能,还可适用于肿瘤紧邻重要脏器(如胆囊)的情况[45]。冷冻消融与RFA可导致相似的肿瘤反应及生存获益[54-55],但更易发生出血并发症,极少数患者甚至可能出现致死性的冷休克[56-57],导致其在肝细胞癌治疗应用中逐渐退出。随着新型消融导管的应用,冷冻消融再次被报道与RFA有着相当的疗效[54],故其在肝癌降期中的确切应用价值仍需进一步探索。

消融治疗是否对肝移植造成负面影响值得探讨。一项回顾性分析,将符合移植标准的患者分为两组:消融后肝移植组和直接肝移植组。结果显示两组在围手术期病死率和发病率以及远期疗效方面无明显差异,因此认为对于本身合乎肝移植的患者,术前消融并未增加手术相关风险;降期后的肝癌进行肝移植治疗,疗效等同于原本符合米兰标准的患者。国内学者[58]研究了采用消融治疗降期后肝癌的疗效,并与原本符合米兰标准的患者比较,结果显示,降期后肝癌消融的总生存期、无进展生存期及总体并发症发生率与原本符合米兰标准的肝癌均相当(P值分别为0.74、0.39、0.73),为降期后的肝癌治疗提供了参考。

4 小结

总之,对于术前无法进行肝移植的患者行TACE、TARE或消融治疗,均可作为肝癌手术及肝移植前的桥接、降期治疗方法,但仍缺乏强有力的证据。如果将多种方法联合,甚至是联合系统治疗,有望进一步提高降期治疗的效果。已有研究表明,消融联合TARE或TACE进行降期治疗,肝移植术后5年生存率可达72.5%。但是对于不同治疗方法的最佳可获益人群的筛选,肝移植术前进行的不同降期治疗对后续肝移植手术在手术难度、安全性、术后疗效等方面的影响,仍需更多的研究来佐证。

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